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| Chapter 3 The PL/SQL Development Spiral |

## 3.2 Adding Value

Sometimes it is worth stepping back and searching for the bigger picture before embarking on one's enhancements. In this case, I find myself wondering what other twists and turns I might encounter in my application development. Since I need UPPER-lower string duplication, I might also run into a requirement to perform lower-UPPER string duplication. As long as I am changing the twice function for one of these variations, I should try to stay ahead of the game and handle both variations.

So I will restate the new requirements of `twice`: double the specified string. Return the new string with the same case as the original, and return it in UPPER-lower or return it in lower-UPPER, depending on the user request.

When stated in this way, an obvious question pops up: how is the user going to specify the case handling in the call to `twice`? For a standalone function, this means adding a parameter. Instead of just accepting the string value for doubling, twice must also receive the type of action to perform. The new header for twice, therefore, must be:

>     FUNCTION twice (string_in IN VARCHAR2, action_in IN VARCHAR2)

where the action can be one of these values:

`N`

  No change to case

`UL`

  UPPER-lower case conversion

`LU`

  lower-UPPER case conversion

Once the parameter and valid options are in place, the implementation is straightforward (and is shown in Example 3.2). I simply use an IF statement to direct the runtime engine to the right RETURN statement.

#### Example 3.2: The twice Function with Alternative Actions

>     CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION twice
>        (string_in IN VARCHAR2, action_in IN VARCHAR2)
>     RETURN VARCHAR2
>     IS
>     BEGIN
>        IF action_in = 'UL'
>        THEN
>           RETURN (UPPER (string_in) || LOWER (string_in));

>        ELSIF action_in = 'LU'
>        THEN
>           RETURN (LOWER (string_in) || UPPER (string_in));

>        ELSIF action_in = 'N'
>        THEN
>           RETURN string_in || string_in;
>        END IF;
>     END twice;

With this new version of twice, I can display the following string doublings:

>     SQL> exec DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (twice ('abc', 'UL'));
>     ABCabc
>     SQL> exec DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (twice ('abc', 'LU'));
>     abcABC
>     SQL> exec DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (twice ('abc', 'N'));
>     abcabc

My twice function is starting to look interesting. It handles a number of different flavors of conversion and seems easy to use. I'm glad I decided to enhance twice.

3.1 The Basic Problem |  | 3.3 Supplying Backward Compatibility

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