## 12.9. Special Characters

This section lists the following special characters:

- Characters that reside on the standard fonts

- Miscellaneous characters

- Bracket-building symbols

- Mathematics symbols

- Greek characters

The characters in the first table below are available on the standard fonts. The characters in the remaining tables are available only on the special font.

#### Table 12-2. Characters on the Standard Fonts

Input | Char | Character Name
--- | --- | ---
`'` | ' | Close quote
`‘` | ‘ | Open quote
`\(em` | -- | Em-dash (width of “m”)
`\(en` | – | En-dash (width of “n”)
`\-` | - | Minus in current font
`-` | - | Hyphen
`\(hy` | - | Hyphen
`\(bu` |  | Bullet
`\(sq` |  | Square
`\(ru` | _ | Rule
`\(14` | ¼ | 1/4
`\(12` | ½ | 1/2
`\(34` | ¾ | 3/4
`\(fi` |  | fi ligature
`\(fl` |  | fl ligature
`\(ff` |  | ff ligature
`\(Fi` |  | ffi ligature
`\(Fl` |  | ffl ligature
`\(de` | ° | Degree
`\(dg` |  | Dagger
`\(fm` |  | Foot mark
`\(ct` | ¢ | Cent sign
`\(rg` | ® | Registered
`\(co` | © | Copyright

#### Table 12-3. Miscellaneous Characters

Input | Char | Character Name
--- | --- | ---
`\(sc` | § | Section
`\(aa` | ´ | Acute accent
`\´` | ´ | Acute accent
`\(ga` | ` | Grave accent
`\`` | ` | Grave accent
`\(ul` | _ | Underrule
`\(->` |  | Right arrow
`\(<-` |  | Left arrow
`\(ua` |  | Up arrow
`\(da` |  | Down arrow
`\(br` | | | Box rule
`\(dd` |  | Double dagger
`\(rh` |  | Right hand
`\(lh` |  | Left hand
`\(ci` |  | Circle

#### Table 12-4. Bracket-Building Symbols

Input | Char | Character Name
--- | --- | ---
`\(lt` |  | Left top of big curly bracket
`\(lk` |  | Left center of big curly bracket
`\(lb` |  | Left bottom of big curly bracket
`\(rt` |  | Right top of big curly bracket
`\(rk` |  | Right center of big curly bracket
`\(rb` |  | Right bottom of big curly bracket
`\(lc` |  | Left ceiling (left top) of big square bracket
`\(bv` | | | Bold vertical
`\(lf` |  | Left floor (left bottom) of big square bracket
`\(rc` |  | Right ceiling (right top) of big square bracket
`\(rf` |  | Right floor (right bottom) of big square bracket

#### Table 12-4. Mathematics Symbols

Input | Char | Character Name
--- | --- | ---
`\(pl` | + | Math plus
`\(mi` | - | Math minus
`\(eq` | = | Math equals
`\(**` | * | Math star
`\(sl` | / | Slash (matching backslash)
`\(sr` |  | Square root
`\(rn` | - | Root en extender
`\(>=` |  | Greater than or equal to
`\(<=` |  | Less than or equal to
`\(==` |  | Identically equal
`\(~~` |  | Approximately equal
`\(ap` | ~ | Approximates
`\(!=` |  | Not equal
`\(mu` | × | Multiply
`\(di` | ÷ | Divide
`\(+-` | ± | Plus-minus
`\(cu` |  | Cup (union)
`\(ca` |  | Cap (intersection)
`\(sb` |  | Subset of
`\(sp` |  | Superset of
`\(ib` |  | Improper subset
`\(ip` |  | Improper superset
`\(if` |  | Infinity
`\(pd` |  | Partial derivative
`\(gr` |  | Gradient
`\(no` | ¬ | Not
`\(is` |  | Integral sign
`\(pt` |  | Proportional to
`\(es` |  | Empty set
`\(mo` |  | Member of
`\(or` | | | Or

### 12.9.1. Greek Characters

Characters with equivalents as uppercase English letters are available on the standard fonts; otherwise, the characters in Table 12-5 exist only on the special font.

#### Table 12-5. Greek Characters

Input | Char | Char Name | Input | Char | Char Name
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
`\(*a` |  | alpha | `\(*A` | A | ALPHA
`\(*b` |  | beta | `\(*B` | B | BETA
`\(*g` |  | gamma | `\(*G` |  | GAMMA
`\(*d` |  | delta | `\(*D` |  | DELTA
`\(*e` |  | epsilon | `\(*E` | E | EPSILON
`\(*z` |  | zeta | `\(*Z` | Z | ZETA
`\(*y` |  | eta | `\(*Y` | H | ETA
`\(*h` |  | theta | `\(*H` |  | THETA
`\(*i` |  | iota | `\(*I` | I | IOTA
`\(*k` |  | kappa | `\(*K` | K | KAPPA
`\(*l` |  | lambda | `\(*L` |  | LAMBDA
`\(*m` |  | mu | `\(*M` | M | MU
`\(*n` |  | nu | `\(*N` | N | NU
`\(*c` |  | xi | `\(*C` |  | XI
`\(*o` |  | omicron | `\(*O` | O | OMICRON
`\(*p` |  | pi | `\(*P` |  | PI
`\(*r` |  | rho | `\(*R` | P | RHO
`\(*s` |  | sigma | `\(*S` |  | SIGMA
`\(ts` |  | terminal sigma |  |  |
`\(*t` |  | tau | `\(*T` | T | TAU
`\(*u` |  | upsilon | `\(*U` |  | UPSILON
`\(*f` |  | phi | `\(*F` |  | PHI
`\(*x` |  | chi | `\(*X` | X | CHI
`\(*q` |  | psi | `\(*Q` |  | PSI
`\(*w` |  | omega | `\(*W` |  | OMEGA

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