## 9.21. grepping a Directory Tree

Want to search every file, in some directory and all its subdirectories, to find the file that has a particular word or string in it? That's a job for find and one of the grep commands.

For example, to search all the files for lines starting with a number and containing the words "SALE PRICE," you could use:

>     % egrep '^[0-9].*SALE PRICE' `find . -type f -print`
>     ./archive/ad.1290: 1.99 a special SALE PRICE
>     ./archive/ad.0191: 2.49 a special SALE PRICE

Using the backquotes (````) might not work. If find finds too many files, egrep's command-line arguments can get too long. Using xargs can solve that; it splits long sets of arguments into smaller chunks. There's a problem with that: if the last "chunk" has just one filename and the grep command finds a match there, grep won't print the filename:

>     % find . -type f -print | xargs fgrep '$12.99'
>     ./old_sales/ad.0489: Get it for only $12.99!
>     ./old_sales/ad.0589: Last chance at $12.99, this month!
>     Get it for only $12.99 today.

The answer is to add the Unix " empty file," /dev/null. It's a filename that's guaranteed never to match but always to leave fgrep with at least two filenames:

>     % find . -type f -print | xargs fgrep '$12.99' /dev/null

Then xargs will run commands like these:

>     fgrep '$12.99' /dev/null ./afile ./bfile ...
>     fgrep '$12.99' /dev/null ./archives/ad.0190 ./archives/ad.0290 ...
>     fgrep '$12.99' /dev/null ./old_sales/ad.1289

That trick is also good when you use a wildcard (Section 28.3) and only one file might match it. grep won't always print the file's name unless you add /dev/null:

>     % grep "whatever" /dev/null /x/y/z/a*

-- JP

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