## 31.2. Using Relative and Absolute Pathnames

Everything in the Unix filesystem -- files, directories, devices, named pipes, and so on -- has two pathnames: absolute and relative. If you know how to find those names, you'll know the best way to locate the file (or whatever) and use it. Even though pathnames are amazingly simple, they're one of the biggest problems beginners have. Studying this article carefully can save you a lot of time and frustration. See Figure 31-1 for an illustration of the Unix filesystem.

#### Figure 31-1. A Unix filesystem tree

Table 31-1 describes the two kinds of pathnames.

#### Table 31-1. Absolute and relative pathnames

Absolute pathnames | Relative pathnames
--- | ---
Start at the root directory. | Start at your current directory (Section 1.16).
Always start with a slash (`/`). | Never start with a slash.
The absolute pathname to some object (file, etc.) is always the same. | The relative pathname to an object depends on your current directory.

To make an absolute pathname:

- Start at the root directory (`/`) and work down.

- Put a slash (`/`) after every directory name -- though if the path ends at a directory, the slash after the last name is optional.

For example, to get a listing of the directory highlighted in Figure 31-1, no matter what your current directory is, you'd use an absolute pathname like this:

>     % ls /home/jane/data
>     Sub    a    b     c

To make a relative pathname:

- Start at your current directory.

- As you move down the tree, away from root, add subdirectory names.

- As you move up the tree toward root, add `..` (two dots) for each directory.

- Put a slash (`/`) after every directory name -- though if the path is to a directory, the slash after the last name is optional, as it is with absolute pathnames.

For example, if your current directory is the one shown in Figure 31-1, to get a listing of the Sub subdirectory, use a relative pathname:

>     % ls Sub
>     d     e     f

Without changing your current directory, you can use a relative pathname to read the file d in the Sub subdirectory:

>     % cat Sub/d

To change the current directory to Jim's home directory, you could use a relative pathname to it:

>     % cd ../../jim

Using the absolute pathname, /home/jim, might be easier there.

The symbolic link (Section 10.4) adds a twist to pathnames. What two absolute pathnames would read the file that the symlink points to? The answer: /home/jane/.setup or /work/setups/generic. (The second pathname points directly to the file, so it's a little more efficient.) If your current directory was the one shown in Figure 31-1, what would be the easiest way to read that file with the more pager? It's probably through the symlink:

>     % more ../.setup

Remember, when you need to use something in the filesystem, you don't always need to use cd first. Think about using a relative or absolute pathname with the command; that'll almost always work. If you get an error message, check your pathname carefully; that's usually the problem.

-- JP

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