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## Index: F

factorial functions: 29.11.4. Functions Calling Functions: Factorials
failure of commands, indication in exit status: 35.12. Exit Status of Unix Processes
false (exit status) utility: 35.12. Exit Status of Unix Processes
false values in Perl: 41.5.1. Scalars
fast find commands
  database for: 9.20. Finding Files (Much) Faster with a find Database
  databases for: 9.18. Using "Fast find" Databases
  matching shell wildcards: 9.19. Wildcards with "Fast find" Database
"fat comma" operator (=>): 41.5.3. Hashes
fc command
  -e option, starting editor and loading file with recent history: 30.7. History by Number
  -l option, listing previous commands: 30.7. History by Number
fg command: 23.1. Job Control in a Nutshell
  23.2.2. Using Job Control from Your Shell
  job numbers, supplying to: 23.3. Using jobs Effectively
fgrep command: 9.21. grepping a Directory Tree
  13.1. Different Versions of grep
  running on RCS files: 13.7.1. rcsgrep, rcsegrep, rcsfgrep
fgrep command (fixed grep), -f option: 13.5. grepping for a List of Patterns
fi statements: 35.13. Test Exit Status with the if Statement
fi unexpected error: 37.1.4. Missing or Extra esac, ;;, fi, etc.
fields
  in crontab entries: 25.2.1. Execution Scheduling
  cutting: 21.14. Cutting Columns or Fields
  separating with : (colon): 5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In
  sort command: 22.2. Sort Fields: How sort Sorts
    changing delimiter: 22.3. Changing the sort Field Delimiter
fignore shell variable: 28.7. Don't Match Useless Files in Filename Completion
file access mode (see permissions)
file descriptors: 24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
  closing: 24.19. Why You Can't Kill a Zombie
  files currently pointing to, viewing: 24.9.3. Statistics of the Current Process
  manipulation by exec command: 36.5. The exec Command
  open files and: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
    shell redirecation capabilities: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
    standard error or stderr: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
    standard input or stdin: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
    standard output or stdout: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
  redirecting: 36.16. n>&m: Swap Standard Output and Standard Error
file permissions (see permissions)
file protection mode, supplying for directories: 7.8. Making Directories Made Easier
file protocol (URI types): 40.6.1. Configuring the sources.list File
file utility: 12.6. Finding File Types
File::Find module (Perl): 8.16. oldlinks: Find Unconnected Symbolic Links
filehandles in Perl: 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix
filenames: 7.6. Naming Files
  changing with rename function (Perl): 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix
  completion by shells: 28.1. What's Special About the Unix Command Line
    28.6.1. General Example: Filename Completion
  conventions: 1.11. Filenames
  converting form uppercase to lowercase: 21.11. Hacking on Characters with tr
  ending with ~: 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
  executable vs. source: 29.9. How to Put if-then-else in a C-Shell Alias
  extensions for: 1.12. Filename Extensions
  finding with cat command: 1.4. Communication with Unix
  links and: 35.28. Finding a Program Name and Giving Your Program Multiple Names
  path name components, stripping with basename: 36.13.1. Introduction to basename and dirname
  special characters, quoting in C shell: 27.14. Quoting Special Characters in Filenames
  stripped from pathnames: 36.13.1. Introduction to basename and dirname
  symbols in: 35.20.1. With the "$@" Parameter
  whitespace in: 8.11. Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name
  wildcards for: 33.1. File-Naming Wildcards
    failing to match: 33.4. What if a Wildcard Doesn't Match?
    file's name and extension as separate entities: 33.2. Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell
    grep -l command, listing matching files: 33.6. Getting a List of Matching Files with grep -l
    listing of: 33.2. Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell
    nom script, listing nonmatching files: 33.8. nom: List Files That Don't Match a Wildcard
    pathnames, not using in: 33.5. Maybe You Shouldn't Use Wildcards in Pathnames
    shell handling of: 33.3. Who Handles Wildcards?
    vgrep script, listing nonmatching files: 33.7.2. The vgrep Script
files: 1.19. When Is a File Not a File?
  appending to existing with vi editor: 17.12. Appending to an Existing File
  backing up: 1.12. Filename Extensions
    38.1. What Is This "Backup" Thing?
    excluding from: 38.9. On-Demand Incremental Backups of a Project
    vi editor, macro for: 18.14. File-Backup Macros
  backup and auto-save, Emacs: 19.4. Backup and Auto-Save Files
  binary, searching: 13.15. Finding Words Inside Binary Files
  comparing
    cmp program, using: 11.7. cmp and diff
    diff commands, using: 11.1. Checking Differences with diff
    make program, using: 11.10. make Isn't Just for Programmers!
  compressing: 15.6. Compressing Files to Save Space
  copying from subdirectories to single directory: 36.18. Shell Scripts On-the-Fly from Standard Input
  counting number in a directory: 16.6. Counting Lines, Words, and Characters: wc
  creating, using wildcards: 28.3. Use Wildcards to Create Files?
  deleted, archiving on tape: 14.17. Deleting Stale Files
  directory contents, explanation of: 10.2. What's Really in a Directory?
  Emacs editor, viewing and manipulating in: 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List
  empty: 43.12. What Can You Do with an Empty File?
  emptying: 15.2. Instead of Removing a File, Empty It
  finding: 8.1. Everything but the find Command
    access times: 8.2. The Three Unix File Times
    by age and size: 8.14. Listing Files by Age and Size
    change and modification times: 8.2. The Three Unix File Times
    counting by types: 8.13. Counting Files by Types
    GNU ls command, features of: 8.7. Some GNU ls Features
      8.8. A csh Alias to List Recently Changed Files
    listing subdirectories with ls -R: 8.4. List All Subdirectories with ls -R
    newest file, printing name of: 8.15. newer: Print the Name of the Newest File
    nonprintable characters in filenames, showing: 8.12. Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames
    oldest or newest with ls -t or ls -u: 8.3. Finding Oldest or Newest Files with ls -t and ls -u
    showing hidden files with ls -a or ls -A: 8.9. Showing Hidden Files with ls -A and -a
    spaces in filenames: 8.11. Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name
    symbolic links, unconnected: 8.16. oldlinks: Find Unconnected Symbolic Links
    type of file in each directory, listing with ls -F: 8.10. Useful ls Aliases
    unique filenames, picking automatically: 8.17. Picking a Unique Filename Automatically
  finding with find command (see find command)
  hosts.equiv: 6.10.2. Starting a Remote Client with rsh and ssh
    6.10.2. Starting a Remote Client with rsh and ssh
  inodes: 14.2. How Unix Keeps Track of Files: Inodes
  linking: 10.3. Files with Two or More Names
    creating and removing links: 10.5. Creating and Removing Links
    directories, linking: 10.7. Linking Directories
    directory, links to: 10.4.2. Links to a Directory
    filenames for symbolic links: 10.8. Showing the Actual Filenames for Symbolic Links
    links, types of: 10.4. More About Links
    reasons for: 10.3. Files with Two or More Names
    stale symbolic links: 10.6. Stale Symbolic Links
  lockfiles: 36.27. Shell Lockfile
  modification by attackers, checking for: 48.7. Intruder Detection
  names for (see filenames)
  newly created, setting default mode in unmask: 49.4. Setting an Exact umask
  old and new version, saving with vi editor: 17.10. Keep Your Original File, Write to a New File
  open, and file descriptors: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
  overwriting accidentally: 27.4. Command Evaluation and Accidentally Overwriting Files
  ownership of (see ownership, file)
  packing up and moving (see archives)
  permissions for (see permissions)
  printing: 28.4. Build Strings with { }
    (see also printing)
    shortcut for: 28.4. Build Strings with { }
  Python, opening, closing and reading: 42.3.5. I/O and Formatting
  reading to/writing from: 43.1. Using Standard Input and Output
    43.1. Using Standard Input and Output
    43.3. Send (Only) Standard Error Down a Pipe
  recovering with vi -r command: 17.19. vi File Recovery Versus Networked Filesystems
    recovered buffers, cautions about: 17.20. Be Careful with vi -r Recovered Buffers
  remote, copying to local system: 28.4. Build Strings with { }
  removing (see deleting removing files rm command)
  renaming
    copying or comparing set of: 10.9. Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
    interactively: 10.10. Renaming a List of Files Interactively
  saving part of with vi editor: 17.11. Saving Part of a File
  searching
    by column, using awk: 13.13. Finding a Character in a Column
    with grep commands: 13.1. Different Versions of grep
    look program: 13.14. Fast Searches and Spelling Checks with "look"
    rcsgrep script: 13.7. Search RCS Files with rcsgrep
  security (see security)
  showing contents of: 12.1. Cracking the Nut
    cat -v or od -c, showing nonprinting characters: 12.4. Show Nonprinting Characters with cat -v or od -c
    cat command: 12.2. What Good Is a cat?
    displaying end with tail command: 12.8. How to Look at the End of a File: tail
    file types, finding: 12.6. Finding File Types
    head, displaying beginning with: 12.12. Printing the Top of a File
    less and more pagers: 12.3. "less" is More
    numbering lines: 12.13. Numbering Lines
    squashing extra blank lines with cat -s: 12.7. Squash Extra Blank Lines
  size of
    batch editing and: 20.8. Batch Editing Gotcha: Editors Fail on Big Files
    limiting: 15.5. Limiting File Sizes
  splitting by context (csplit): 21.10. Splitting Files by Context: csplit
  switching among with vi editor: 17.3. Editing Multiple Files with vi
  temporary: 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
    handling text with: 28.15. Handling Lots of Text with Temporary Files
  testing: 35.26. test: Testing Files and Strings
  uncompressing: 35.17. Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
filesystem check (fsck) program: 1.10. The Kernel and Daemons
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS): 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories
  web site information on: 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories
filesystems: 44.5. Filesystem Types and /etc/fstab
  navigating Unix filesystem: 31.1. Getting Around the Filesystem
    cd, speeding up with aliases: 31.9. Quick cds with Aliases
    changing directories: 31.5. Saving Time When You Change Directories: cdpath
    changing directories with c (shell function): 31.10. cd by Directory Initials
    current directory: 31.3. What Good Is a Current Directory?
    current directory, finding: 31.4. How Does Unix Find Your Current Directory?
    directories, automatic setup when entering/exiting: 31.13. Automatic Setup When You Enter/Exit a Directory
    home directory, finding (for anyone): 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
    loop control, break and continue: 31.6. Loop Control: break and continue
    marking your place with shell variable: 31.12. Marking Your Place with a Shell Variable
    relative and absolute pathnames: 31.2. Using Relative and Absolute Pathnames
    shell pushd and popd commands: 31.7. The Shells' pushd and popd Commands
  NFS and SMBFS, mounting: 44.9. Mounting Network Filesystems — NFS, SMBFS
  Perl functions for: 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix
  /proc: 24.9. The /proc Filesystem
  removable, mounting/unmounting: 44.6. Mounting and Unmounting Removable Filesystems
  synchronizing with rsync program: 20.6. Change Many Files by Editing Just One
  for USBs: 44.12. USB Configuration
filtering text through Unix commands
  fmt command: 18.5. Keymaps for Pasting into a Window Running vi
  greps: 13.10. Compound Searches
filters: 1.5. Programs Are Designed to Work Together
  36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
  apsfilter: 45.17. Converting Source Files Automagically Within the Spooler
  for graphics: 45.19. The Portable Bitmap Package
  grep command as: 13.2. Searching for Text with grep
  lpd daemon, running files through: 45.9.2. Printing to Windows Printers from Unix
find command: 9.1. How to Use find
  $( ) operator, used with: 36.24. Nested Command Substitution
  -atime operator, locating files based on last access time: 14.17. Deleting Stale Files
  -exec operator
    creating custom tests: 9.10. Using -exec to Create Custom Tests
    large recursive greps, using for: 9.11. Custom -exec Tests Applied
  -exec option: 50.6. The Handy chmod = Operator
  -inum operator: 14.15. Removing a Strange File by its i-number
  -mtime operator: 9.5. Searching for Old Files
  -name operator: 9.4. Looking for Files with Particular Names
  -newer option, using in incremental file backups: 38.9. On-Demand Incremental Backups of a Project
  -nouser or -nogroup operators: 9.16. Searching by Owner and Group
  -ok option: 14.5. Answer "Yes" or "No" Forever with yes
  -perm operator: 9.15. Searching for Files by Permission
  -prune operator: 9.25. Finding Files with -prune
    14.15. Removing a Strange File by its i-number
    quick find in current directory: 9.26. Quick finds in the Current Directory
  -size operator: 9.14. Searching for Files by Size
  -type operator: 9.13. Searching for Files by Type
  -user and -group operators: 9.16. Searching by Owner and Group
  clearing out unneeded files with: 14.19. Using find to Clear Out Unneeded Files
  cpio operator
    archiving deleted files on tape: 14.17. Deleting Stale Files
  directory tree, delving through: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
  duplicating a directory tree: 9.17. Duplicating a Directory Tree
  fast find commands: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
    database for: 9.20. Finding Files (Much) Faster with a find Database
    matching shell wildcards: 9.19. Wildcards with "Fast find" Database
  fast find databases, using: 9.18. Using "Fast find" Databases
  features and basic operators: 9.1. How to Use find
  filename-matching patterns: 32.2. Don't Confuse Regular Expressions with Wildcards
  files for compression: 15.9. Compressing a Directory Tree: Fine-Tuning
  files you own with wrong permissions: 50.2.1. User, Group, and World
  finding many things with one command: 9.12. Finding Many Things with One Command
  grepping a directory tree: 9.21. grepping a Directory Tree
  hard links to a file, finding: 9.24. Finding the (Hard) Links to a File
  lookfor script, using in: 9.22. lookfor: Which File Has That Word?
  loops using: 36.13.2. Use with Loops
  maxdepth operator: 14.15. Removing a Strange File by its i-number
  modified files, checking for: 48.7. Intruder Detection
  networked filesystem, preventing from searching: 9.28. Keeping find from Searching Networked Filesystem
  old files, searching for: 9.5. Searching for Old Files
  operators: 13.3. Finding Text That Doesn't Match
  regex and iregex options: 32.2. Don't Confuse Regular Expressions with Wildcards
  running commands on results: 9.9. Running Commands on What You Find
  search operators: 9.6. Be an Expert on find Search Operators
  skipping parts of directory tree: 9.27. Skipping Parts of a Tree in find
  time operators (-mtime, -atime, and -ctime): 9.7. The Times That find Finds
    exact file-time comparisons: 9.8. Exact File-Time Comparisons
  unconnected symbolic links, finding: 8.16. oldlinks: Find Unconnected Symbolic Links
  xargs command, using with: 9.2. Delving Through a Deep Directory Tree
  -exec option
    changing permissions for directory tree: 50.5. Using chmod to Change File Permission
finding
  current directory: 31.4. How Does Unix Find Your Current Directory?
  file types: 12.6. Finding File Types
  home directory (for anyone): 31.11. Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly
findpt alias: 13.3. Finding Text That Doesn't Match
firewalls: 46.12. Firewalls
  gateways functioning as: 46.11. Gateways and NAT
fixed dynamic addresses: 46.10. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
fixed grep (see fgrep command)
fixed length records, converting to/from variable-length records: 21.13. Text Conversion with dd
flags, displaying current: 3.4.2. Interactive Shells
flavors of Unix: 1.3. The Core of Unix
floating-point numbers
  Perl data type: 41.5. Perl Boot Camp, Part 2: Variables and Data Types
  sort command and: 22.5. Alphabetic and Numeric Sorting
floppies: 44.6. Mounting and Unmounting Removable Filesystems
  backing up to: 38.5.3. Backing Up to Floppies or Zip Disks
  loopback mounts: 44.7. Loopback Mounts
flow-control operators for loops (in Perl): 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping
fmt command: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt
  -p option, reformatting program source code: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt
    21.4. Clean Up Program Comment Blocks
    21.4.2. fmt -p
  -tuw options: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt
  disk initializer command: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt
  ending punctuation for sentences and: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt
  filtering text from vi editor through: 18.5. Keymaps for Pasting into a Window Running vi
  filtering vi text through: 17.28. Neatening Lines
  reformatting fortune with: 36.26. Outputting Text to an X Window
fmtarg variable (xmessage utility): 36.26. Outputting Text to an X Window
fmt.sh script: 21.3. Alternatives to fmt
fold utility: 21.2. Neatening Text with fmt
font resource (xterm): 5.16. The Simple Way to Pick a Font
  5.18. Changing Fonts Dynamically
fonts
  default: 5.16. The Simple Way to Pick a Font
  selecting: 5.16. The Simple Way to Pick a Font
  xterm, changing dynamically: 5.18. Changing Fonts Dynamically
    VT Fonts menu: 5.18.1. VT Fonts Menu
  xterm, VT Fonts menu: 5.17. The xterm Menus
    5.17. The xterm Menus
for command (awk): 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
for loops: 1.8. Anyone Can Program the Shell
  20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
  28.12. Multiline Commands, Secondary Prompts
  41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping
  break and continue commands in: 35.23. Loop Control: break and continue
  break and continue, controlling with: 31.6. Loop Control: break and continue
  command-line arguments, handling with: 35.21. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
    35.22. Handling Arguments with while and shift
  commands, varying while repeating: 28.8. Repeating Commands
    28.9.2. A for Loop
  here documents, using to print form letters: 28.13. Here Document Example #1: Unformatted Form Letters
  in command-line arguments: 35.20.2. With a Loop
  with multiple variables: 36.12. Making a for Loop with Multiple Variables
  sed scripts, use in: 34.4. Testing and Using a sed Script: checksed, runsed
  standard input, stepping through: 36.11. Standard Input to a for Loop
  wildcards, using with: 35.21. Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop
forcing file removal/moving without warnings: 50.7. Protect Important Files: Make Them Unwritable
foreach loop: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop
foreach loops: 28.12. Multiline Commands, Secondary Prompts
  commands, varying while repeating: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop
  iterating through arrays: 41.5.2. Arrays
  iterating through list elements: 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping
foreground color: 8.6.2. Configuring It
foreground jobs
  interrupting with notification of state change in background job: 23.9. Stop Background Output with stty tostop
  killing: 24.11. Killing Foreground Jobs
  nice command and: 26.6. A nice Gotcha
foreground processes: 23.1. Job Control in a Nutshell
  process group and: 24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
fork system call: 24.2. fork and exec
  27.2. How the Shell Executes Other Commands
  processes forking out of control: 24.17. Processes Out of Control? Just STOP Them
format, tape drives: 38.5.2. Backing Up to Tape
formatted manpage files: 2.4. Searching Online Manual Pages
formatting, markup languages for: 45.13. Formatting Markup Languages — troff, LATEX, HTML, and So On
formatting Python output: 42.3.5. I/O and Formatting
Fortran program source file extension: 1.12. Filename Extensions
fpath array (zsh): 29.13.2. FPATH Search Path
FPATH environment variable: 29.13.2. FPATH Search Path
  29.13.2. FPATH Search Path
  Korn shell: 29.13.2.1. Korn shell
  zsh shell: 29.13.2.2. zsh
    29.13.2.2. zsh
free disk space, checking with df: 26.1. Timing Is Everything
free memory, information about: 24.9.1. Memory Information
Free Software Foundation website: 39.4. Managing and Sharing Files with RCS and CVS
FreeBSD: 1.3. The Core of Unix
  sections, searching in manpages: 2.1. The man Command
FreeBSD Unix
  disk partitions: 44.4. Disk Partitioning
  enabling gatewaying: 46.11. Gateways and NAT
  ifconfig file output: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
  inetd.conf file: 46.5. The Director of Operations: inetd
  info command: 2.9. The info Command
  installing software with FreeBSD packages: 40.10. Installing with FreeBSD Packages
  kernel boot output for devices: 44.2. Reading Kernel Boot Output
  OpenSSH: 51.3. Free SSH with OpenSSH
  serial consoles: 44.14. Decapitating Your Machine — Serial Consoles
  single user mode: 49.3. Forgetting the root Password
  software installation with FreeBSD Ports: 40.9. Installation with FreeBSD Ports
  software installation with Ports system: 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories
  strings utility, searching for words in binary files: 13.15. Finding Words Inside Binary Files
  swapinfo utility: 48.6.2. Checking Swap Space
fsck (filesystem check) program: 1.10. The Kernel and Daemons
-fstype operator (find command): 9.28. Keeping find from Searching Networked Filesystem
FTP
  anonymous ftp: 27.16. Here Documents
  anonymous FTP server, configuring: 46.7. Configuring an Anonymous FTP Server
  Emacs facility for: 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List
  ftp program: 1.21. Unix Networking and Communications
  ftp protocol (URI types): 40.6.1. Configuring the sources.list File
  securing with port forwarding: 51.7. Server and Client Problems
function keys, mapping in vi: 18.2.1. Command Mode Maps
functional programming languages, functions in: 42.3.2. Functions
functions
  @-functions, vi editor: 18.4. vi @-Functions
    combining: 18.4.2. Combining @-Functions
    defining and using simple: 18.4.1. Defining and Using Simple @-Functions
    newlines in: 18.4.4. Newlines in an @-Function
    reusing definition: 18.4.3. Reusing a Definition
  buffer overflow, causing: 48.4. What We Mean by Buffer Overflow
  built-in editor functions, tcsh: 30.14.3. tcsh Editing
  C language, boundary checking: 48.4. What We Mean by Buffer Overflow
  Perl
    exit( ): 41.4. Perl Boot Camp, Part 1: Typical Script Anatomy
    filesystem: 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix
    hash functions: 41.5.3. Hashes
    print: 41.5.1. Scalars
  Python: 42.3.2. Functions
    anonymous, creating: 42.3.2. Functions
    class methods: 42.3.3. Everything's an Object
    defining: 42.3.2. Functions
  shell: 1.9. Internal and External Commands
    27.9. Which One Will bash Use?
    29.11. Shell Function Basics
    (see also shell functions)
  tar utility: 39.2. Using tar to Create and Unpack Archives

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