## 7.2. Summary of Commands by Group

Reminder: `C-` indicates the Control key; `M-` indicates the Meta key.

### 7.2.1. File-Handling Commands

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
C-x C-f | find-file | Find file and read it.
C-x C-v | find-alternate-file | Read another file; replace the one read with C-x C-f.
C-x i | insert-file | Insert file at cursor position.
C-x C-s | save-buffer | Save file (may hang terminal; use C-q to restart).
C-x C-w | write-file | Write buffer contents to file.
C-x C-c | save-buffers-kill-emacs | Exit `emacs`.
C-z | suspend-emacs | Suspend `emacs` (use `exit` or `fg` to restart).

### 7.2.2. Cursor-Movement Commands

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
C-f | forward-char | Move forward one character (right).
C-b | backward-char | Move backward one character (left).
C-p | previous-line | Move to previous line (up).
C-n | next-line | Move to next line (down).
M-f | forward-word | Move one word forward.
M-b | backward-word | Move one word backward.
C-a | beginning-of-line | Move to beginning of line.
C-e | end-of-line | Move to end of line.
M-a | backward-sentence | Move backward one sentence.
M-e | forward-sentence | Move forward one sentence.
M-{ | backward-paragraph | Move backward one paragraph.
M-} | forward-paragraph | Move forward one paragraph.
C-v | scroll-up | Move forward one screen.
M-v | scroll-down | Move backward one screen.
C-x [ | backward-page | Move backward one page.
C-x ] | forward-page | Move forward one page.
M-> | end-of-buffer | Move to end of file.
M-< | beginning-of-buffer | Move to beginning of file.
(none) | goto-line | Go to line n of file.
(none) | goto-char | Go to character n of file.
C-l | recenter | Redraw screen with current line in the center.
M-n | digit-argument | Repeat the next command n times.
C-u n | universal-argument | Repeat the next command n times.

### 7.2.3. Deletion Commands

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
Del | backward-delete-char | Delete previous character.
C-d | delete-char | Delete character under cursor.
M-Del | backward-kill-word | Delete previous word.
M-d | kill-word | Delete the word the cursor is on.
C-k | kill-line | Delete from cursor to end of line.
M-k | kill-sentence | Delete sentence the cursor is on.
C-x Del | backward-kill-sentence | Delete previous sentence.
C-y | yank | Restore what you've deleted.
C-w | kill-region | Delete a marked region (see next section).
(none) | backward-kill-paragraph | Delete previous paragraph.
(none) | kill-paragraph | Delete from the cursor to the end of the paragraph.

### 7.2.4. Paragraphs and Regions

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
C-@ | set-mark-command | Mark the beginning (or end) of a region.
C-Space | (same as above) |
C-x C-p | mark-page | Mark page.
C-x C-x | exchange-point-and-mark | Exchange location of cursor and mark.
C-x h | mark-whole-buffer | Mark buffer.
M-q | fill-paragraph | Reformat paragraph.
(none) | fill-region | Reformat individual paragraphs within a region.
M-h | mark-paragraph | Mark paragraph.

### 7.2.5. Stopping and Undoing Commands

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
C-g | keyboard-quit | Abort current command.
C-x u | advertised-undo | Undo last edit (can be done repeatedly).
(none) | revert-buffer | Restore buffer to the state it was in when the file was last saved (or auto-saved).

### 7.2.6. Transposition Commands

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
C-t | transpose-chars | Transpose two letters.
M-t | transpose-words | Transpose two words.
C-x C-t | transpose-lines | Transpose two lines.
(none) | transpose-sentences | Transpose two sentences.
(none) | transpose-paragraphs | Transpose two paragraphs.

### 7.2.7. Capitalization Commands

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
M-c | capitalize-word | Capitalize first letter of word.
M-u | upcase-word | Uppercase word.
M-l | downcase-word | Lowercase word.
M-–; M-c | negative-argument; capitalize-word | Capitalize previous word.
M-– M-u | negative-argument; upcase-word | Uppercase previous word.
M-– M-l | negative-argument; downcase-word | Lowercase previous word.
(none) | capitalize-region | Capitalize region.
C-x C-u | upcase-region | Uppercase region
C-x C-l | downcase-region | Lowercase region.

### 7.2.8. Word-Abbreviation Commands

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
(none) | abbrev-mode | Enter (or exit) word abbreviation mode.
C-x a i g | inverse-add-global-abbrev | Type global abbreviation, then definition.
C-x a i l | inverse-add-local-abbrev | Type local abbreviation, then definition.
(none) | unexpand-abbrev | Undo the last word abbreviation.
(none) | write-abbrev-file | Write the word abbreviation file.
(none) | edit-abbrevs | Edit the word abbreviations.
(none) | list-abbrevs | View the word abbreviations.
(none) | kill-all-abbrevs | Kill abbreviations for this session.

### 7.2.9. Buffer-Manipulation Commands

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
C-x b | switch-to-buffer | Move to specified buffer.
C-x C-b | list-buffers | Display buffer list.
C-x k | kill-buffer | Delete specified buffer.
(none) | kill-some-buffers | Ask about deleting each buffer.
(none) | rename-buffer | Change buffer name to specified name.
C-x s | save-some-buffers | Ask whether to save each modified buffer.

### 7.2.10. Window Commands

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
C-x 2 | split-window-vertically | Divide the current window into two, one on top of the other.
C-x 3 | split-window-horizontally | Divide the current window into two, side by side.
C-x > | scroll-right | Scroll the window right.
C-x < | scroll-left | Scroll the window left.
C-x o | other-window | Move to the other window.
C-x 0 | delete-window | Delete current window.
C-x 1 | delete-other-windows | Delete all windows but this one.
(none) | delete-windows-on | Delete all windows on a given buffer.
C-x ^ | enlarge-window | Make window taller.
(none) | shrink-window | Make window shorter.
C-x } | enlarge-window-horizontally | Make window wider.
C-x { | shrink-window-horizontally | Make window narrower.
M-C-v | scroll-other-window | Scroll other window.
C-x 4 f | find-file-other-window | Find a file in the other window.
C-x 4 b | switch-to-buffer-other-window | Select a buffer in the other window.
C-x 5 f | find-file-other-frame | Find a file in a new frame.
C-x 5 b | switch-to-buffer-other-frame | Select a buffer in another frame.
(none) | compare-windows | Compare two buffers; show first difference.

### 7.2.11. Special Shell Characters

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
C-c C-c | comint-interrupt-subjob | Terminate the current job.
C-c C-d | comint-send-eof | End of file character.
C-c C-u | comint-kill-input | Erase current line.
C-c C-w | backward-kill-word | Erase the previous word.
C-c C-z | comint-stop-subjob | Suspend the current job.

### 7.2.12. Indentation Commands

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
C-x . | set-fill-prefix | Use characters from the beginning of the line up to the cursor column as the “fill prefix.” This prefix is prepended to each line in the paragraph. Cancel the prefix by typing this command in column 1.
(none) | indented-text-mode | Major mode: each tab defines a new indent for subsequent lines.
(none) | text-mode | Exit indented text mode; return to text mode.
M-C-\ | indent-region | Indent a region to match first line in region.
M-m | back-to-indentation | Move cursor to first character on line.
M-C-o | split-line | Split line at cursor; indent to column of cursor.
(none) | fill-individual-paragraphs | Reformat indented paragraphs, keeping indentation.

### 7.2.13. Centering Commands

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
M-s | center-line | Center line that cursor is on.
(none) | center-paragraph | Center paragraph that cursor is on.
(none) | center-region | Center currently defined region.

### 7.2.14. Macro Commands

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
C-x ( | start-kbd-macro | Start macro definition.
C-x ) | end-kbd-macro | End macro definition.
C-x e | call-last-kbd-macro | Execute last macro defined.
M-n C-x e | digit-argument and call-last-kbd-macro | Execute last macro defined n times.
C-u C-x ( | universal-argument and start-kbd-macro | Execute last macro defined, then add keystrokes.
(none) | name-last-kbd-macro | Name last macro you created (before saving it).
(none) | insert-keyboard-macro | Insert the macro you named into a file.
(none) | load-file | Load macro files you've saved.
(none) | macroname | Execute a keyboard macro you've saved.
C-x q | kbd-macro-query | Insert a query in a macro definition.
C-u C-x q | (none) | Insert a recursive edit in a macro definition.
M-C-c | exit-recursive-edit | Exit a recursive edit.

### 7.2.15. Basic Indentation Commands

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
M-C-\ | indent-region | Indent a region to match first line in region.
M-m | back-to-indentation | Move to first non-blank character on line.
M-^ | delete-indentation | Join this line to the previous one.

### 7.2.16. Detail Information Help Commands

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
C-h a | command-apropos | What commands involve this concept?
(none) | apropos | What functions and variables involve this concept?
C-h c | describe-key-briefly | What command does this keystroke sequence run?
C-h b | describe-bindings | What are all the key bindings for this buffer?
C-h k | describe-key | What command does this keystroke sequence run, and what does it do?
C-h l | view-lossage | What are the last 100 characters I typed?
C-h w | where-is | What is the key binding for this command?
C-h f | describe-function | What does this function do?
C-h v | describe-variable | What does this variable mean, and what is its value?
C-h m | describe-mode | Tell me about the mode the current buffer is in.
C-h s | describe-syntax | What is the syntax table for this buffer?

### 7.2.17. Help Commands

Keystrokes | Command Name | Description
--- | --- | ---
C-h t | help-with-tutorial | Run the `emacs` tutorial.
C-h i | info | Start the Info documentation reader.
C-h n | view-emacs-news | View news about updates to `emacs`.
C-h C-c | describe-copying | View the `emacs` General Public License.
C-h C-d | describe-distribution | View information on ordering `emacs` from the FSF.
C-h C-w | describe-no-warranty | View the (non-)warranty for `emacs`.

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