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## Index: R

rand command (awk): 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
random numbers in nawk (srand): 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
ranges
  .. (integer-range) operator in zsh: 28.4. Build Strings with { }
  character ranges (hyphen-separated): 21.11. Hacking on Characters with tr
  character ranges in regular expressions: 21.11. Hacking on Characters with tr
    32.8. Regular Expressions: Specifying a Range of Characters with [...]
  expanding: 9.23.2. Expanding Ranges
  Perl regular expression syntax for: 32.9. Regular Expressions: Exceptions in a Character Set
rc shell: 1.6. There Are Many Shells
rcp command: 1.21. Unix Networking and Communications
  -r option: 10.12. Copying Directory Trees with cp -r
RCS (Revision Control System): 39.5. RCS Basics
  archiving files: 39.4. Managing and Sharing Files with RCS and CVS
  ci (checkin) command: 39.5. RCS Basics
  co (checkout command)
    -p option, sending file to standard output: 39.5. RCS Basics
  comparing directory with subdirectory, using pr: 21.15.1. One File per Column: -m
  Emacs support for: 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List
  file utility, recognizing archives with: 12.6. Finding File Types
  listing revision numbers with rcsrevs script: 39.6. List RCS Revision Numbers with rcsrevs
  merging two or more file versions with rcsmerge and co Ðj: 39.5. RCS Basics
  searching files with rcsgrep commands: 13.7. Search RCS Files with rcsgrep
  unlocking files: 39.5. RCS Basics
rcsdiff command: 11.3. Context diffs
  39.6. List RCS Revision Numbers with rcsrevs
rcsegrep.fast script: 13.7.2. rcsegrep.fast
rcsgrep command: 13.1. Different Versions of grep
  13.7. Search RCS Files with rcsgrep
  -a option: 39.6. List RCS Revision Numbers with rcsrevs
rcsgrep script: 13.7.1. rcsgrep, rcsegrep, rcsfgrep
RD (Receive Data) light: 5.6.4. Stalled Data Connection?
rdesktop (RDP client for Unix): 47.9.2. rdesktop
read command: 28.9.2. A for Loop
  ex editor: 20.4. Useful ex Commands
  reading from the keyboard: 35.18. read: Reading from the Keyboard
  while loops using: 36.11. Standard Input to a for Loop
read-only files: 50.7. Protect Important Files: Make Them Unwritable
read-only functions: 29.12. Shell Function Specifics
read permission
  changing with chmod: 50.5. Using chmod to Change File Permission
  for directories: 7.3. Access to Directories
    50.2. Tutorial on File and Directory Permissions
  execute permission without: 50.10. A Directory That People Can Access but Can't List
  finding files by: 9.15. Searching for Files by Permission
  shell scripts: 50.13. Shell Scripts Must Be Readable and (Usually) Executable
reading files, access time and: 8.2. The Three Unix File Times
reading from terminals
  process groups and: 24.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts
reading-tar process: 10.13. Copying Directory Trees with tar and Pipes
readline command: 5.8. Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters
Readline library
  inputrc file: 30.14.5. bash Editing
  setup filename, choosing: 35.5. Predefined Environment Variables
recomment script: 21.4.1. The recomment Script
recovering files
  cpio tape archive: 38.13. The cpio Tape Archiver
  Emacs, using: 19.4. Backup and Auto-Save Files
  vi -r command: 17.19. vi File Recovery Versus Networked Filesystems
    recovered buffers, cautions about: 17.20. Be Careful with vi -r Recovered Buffers
recursion, tracing depth of: 29.11.4. Functions Calling Functions: Factorials
recursive aliases: 29.8. Avoiding C-Shell Alias Loops
recursive functions: 29.11.4. Functions Calling Functions: Factorials
recursive permission changing: 50.5. Using chmod to Change File Permission
recursive searching with grep: 9.11. Custom -exec Tests Applied
Red Hat Linux (see Linux)
redirect operator (>>): 17.12. Appending to an Existing File
redirecting input and output: 43.1. Using Standard Input and Output
  C shell: 43.5. Redirection in C Shell: Capture Errors, Too?
  cat command: 43.2. One Argument with a cat Isn't Enough
  commands combined with grouping (( )) operator: 43.7. The ( ) Subshell Operators
  cron system output: 25.2. Periodic Program Execution: The cron Facility
  to /dev/null: 43.12. What Can You Do with an Empty File?
  FIFOs, using: 43.11. Named Pipes: FIFOs
  line numbers in redirected loops: 37.1.5. Line Numbers Reset Inside Redirected Loops
  to multiple processes: 43.10. Redirecting Output to More Than One Place
  noclobber, using: 43.6. Safe I/O Redirection with noclobber
  openstandard I/O files without: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
  pagers, piping to: 43.4. Problems Piping to a Pager
  of programs: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
  shell capabilities: 36.15. Overview: Open Files and File Descriptors
  shell output and errors into temporary file: 37.1.1. Use -xv
  standard error (only), piping: 43.3. Send (Only) Standard Error Down a Pipe
  standard input and standard output, using: 43.1. Using Standard Input and Output
  standard output and standard error: 36.16. n>&m: Swap Standard Output and Standard Error
    Bourne shells: 27.11. Is It "2>&1 file" or "> file 2>&1"? Why?
  standard output, shell processing of: 27.4. Command Evaluation and Accidentally Overwriting Files
  tee program: 43.8. Send Output Two or More Places
redo operator (Perl): 41.6. Perl Boot Camp, Part 3: Branching and Looping
references (Perl): 41.4. Perl Boot Camp, Part 1: Typical Script Anatomy
  41.5.4. References
  dereferencing: 41.5.4. References
reformatting text from one window before pasting it into another: 5.21. Tips for Copy and Paste Between Windows
registry settings for clear text SMB passwords: 47.3. Securing Samba
regular expressions: 13.2. Searching for Text with grep
  17.8. Using Search Patterns and Global Commands
  32.1. That's an Expression
  agrep command: 13.6. Approximate grep: agrep
    13.6. Approximate grep: agrep
  awk utility: 20.10.2.1. Patterns
  egrep command: 9.22. lookfor: Which File Has That Word?
    13.4. Extended Searching for Text with egrep
  examples of: 32.19. I Never Meta Character I Didn't Like
  expr command
    matching parts of strings: 36.23.1. Matching with expr
    testing character strings: 36.22. Testing Characters in a String with expr
  expressions, understanding: 32.3. Understanding Expressions
  extended: 32.15. Extended Regular Expressions
    alternation mechanism: 32.15. Extended Regular Expressions
  filename-matching patterns vs.: 32.2. Don't Confuse Regular Expressions with Wildcards
  finding lines that don't match a pattern: 13.3. Finding Text That Doesn't Match
  globally substituting for each match: 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
  interpreting: 32.3. Understanding Expressions
  limiting extent of match: 32.18. Limiting the Extent of a Match
  matching a character with a character set: 32.6. Regular Expressions: Matching a Character with a Character Set
  matching specific number of sets with { }: 32.11. Regular Expressions: Matching a Specific Number of Sets with { and }
  matching words with < >: 32.12. Regular Expressions: Matching Words with < and >
  metacharacters: 27.17. "Special" Characters and Operators
    32.3. Understanding Expressions
    32.4. Using Metacharacters in Regular Expressions
    for different Unix programs: 32.20. Valid Metacharacters for Different Unix Programs
  pattern context: 32.16. Getting Regular Expressions Right
  pattern matching, quick reference: 32.21. Pattern Matching Quick Reference with Examples
    replacement patterns: 32.21. Pattern Matching Quick Reference with Examples
    search and replace commands: 32.21.2. Examples of Searching and Replacing
    search patterns: 32.21. Pattern Matching Quick Reference with Examples
      32.21.1. Examples of Searching
  Perl: 41.7. Perl Boot Camp, Part 4: Pattern Matching
    metacharacters in: 41.7. Perl Boot Camp, Part 4: Pattern Matching
  potential problem areas: 32.14. Regular Expressions: Potential Problems
  range of characters, specifying with [ ]: 32.8. Regular Expressions: Specifying a Range of Characters with [...]
  repeated patterns, matching with ( ): 32.13. Regular Expressions: Remembering Patterns with (, ), and 1
  repeating character sets with *: 32.10. Regular Expressions: Repeating Character Sets with *
  retrieving only matched text with xgrep script: 32.17. Just What Does a Regular Expression Match?
  sed editor: 13.11. Narrowing a Search Quickly
    addresses: 34.5. sed Addressing Basics
      34.5. sed Addressing Basics
    delimiting: 34.8. Delimiting a Regular Expression
    searching for patterns split across lines: 34.18. Searching for Patterns Split Across Lines
  sequence of characters, describing: 32.3. Understanding Expressions
  showmatch script, testing with: 32.17. Just What Does a Regular Expression Match?
  simple vs. extended: 32.4. Using Metacharacters in Regular Expressions
  substituting for matches in nawk: 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
  tar archive files, matching filenames of: 38.10.1. Without GNU tar
  wildcards vs.: 32.2. Don't Confuse Regular Expressions with Wildcards
rehash command: 7.4. A bin Directory for Your Programs and Scripts
  27.6. Controlling Shell Command Searches
  resetting command search table: 35.1. Writing a Simple Shell Program
relational operators: 36.21.1. Syntax
  41.5.1. Scalars
  if command, awk: 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
relative pathnames: 1.16. Making Pathnames
  31.2. Using Relative and Absolute Pathnames
  creating: 31.2. Using Relative and Absolute Pathnames
  current directory and: 31.3. What Good Is a Current Directory?
  links, avoiding invalidation of: 10.6. Stale Symbolic Links
  in shell setup files: 3.7. Use Absolute Pathnames in Shell Setup Files
  symbolic links to: 10.8. Showing the Actual Filenames for Symbolic Links
remainder, modulus (%) operator: 36.21.1. Syntax
remote access
  conrolling (see ssh)
  disallowing for security: 48.11. Disallow rlogin and rsh
  rsh (see rsh)
remote clients, starting for X window systems: 6.10. Starting Remote X Clients
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP): 47.9. Citrix: Making Windows Multiuser
  client for Unix (rdesktop): 47.9.2. rdesktop
remote directories, hung terminals and: 5.6. Checklist: Terminal Hangs When I Log In
remote files
  Emacs, opening with: 19.2. Emacs Features: A Laundry List
  shortcut for copying: 28.4. Build Strings with { }
remote logins
  status line updates: 4.8. Session Info in Window Title or Status Line
  stopping sessions: 23.13. Stopping Remote Login Sessions
remote restoration of backup files: 38.6.2. Remote Restoring
remote shells: 3.8. Setup Files Aren't Read When You Want?
  (see also rsh; ssh)
  setup files for: 3.8. Setup Files Aren't Read When You Want?
remote tape drive, tar backups to: 38.7. Using tar to a Remote Tape Drive
  38.8. Using GNU tar with a Remote Tape Drive
remove option (xrdb): 6.8. Setting Resources with xrdb
removing
  command-line arguments: 35.20.2. With a Loop
  software packages, dependency conflicts caused by: 40.5.3. Choosing Packages for Installation or Removal
removing files: 14.1. The Cycle of Creation and Destruction
  confirmation before deletion: 14.5. Answer "Yes" or "No" Forever with yes
  deleting directories: 14.16. Problems Deleting Directories
  deleting files with odd names: 14.11. Deleting Files with Odd Names
    eight-bit filenames: 14.14. Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name
    filenames starting with - (dash): 14.13. Handling a Filename Starting with a Dash (-)
    i-numbers, using: 14.15. Removing a Strange File by its i-number
  directory sticky bit permission and: 50.4. Protecting Files with the Sticky Bit
  emptying files instead of: 15.2. Instead of Removing a File, Empty It
  excluding some files from: 14.18. Removing Every File but One
  find command and: 14.19. Using find to Clear Out Unneeded Files
  interactively, with file-deletion script or alias: 14.7. A Faster Way to Remove Files Interactively
  rm command
    -f option (no confirmation): 14.10. Deletion with Prejudice: rm -f
    dangers of: 14.3. rm and Its Dangers
    safety techniques for: 14.4. Tricks for Making rm Safer
  safe delete program: 14.9. Safe Delete: Pros and Cons
  safer file deletion in some directories: 14.8. Safer File Deletion in Some Directories
  selective deletion of: 14.6. Remove Some, Leave Some
  stale files, deleting: 14.17. Deleting Stale Files
rename function: 41.8. Perl Boot Camp, Part 5: Perl Knows Unix
renaming files
  directory sticky bit permission and: 50.4. Protecting Files with the Sticky Bit
  groups of: 10.1. What's So Complicated About Copying Files
    10.9. Renaming, Copying, or Comparing a Set of Files
  interactively: 10.10. Renaming a List of Files Interactively
  mv command, using: 8.11. Can't Access a File? Look for Spaces in the Name
  with nonprinting characters in names: 8.12. Showing Nonprintable Characters in Filenames
  ownership and: 50.3. Who Will Own a New File?
  write access and: 50.9. A Loophole: Modifying Files Without Write Access
renice command: 23.7. System Overloaded? Try Stopping Some Jobs
  26.5. Know When to Be "nice" to Other Users...and When Not To
  26.7. Changing a Running Job's Niceness
rep command, vis command vs.: 28.11. Repeating a Time-Varying Command
repeat command: 28.8. Repeating Commands
  . (dot), in vi: 17.7. Get Back What You Deleted with Numbered Buffers
  clearing directory stack with popd: 31.7. The Shells' pushd and popd Commands
repeating commands: 28.8. Repeating Commands
  30.1. The Lessons of History
  at set intervals: 28.11. Repeating a Time-Varying Command
  copy and paste, using: 28.10. Repeating a Command with Copy-and-Paste
  cycle of commands: 30.9. Repeating a Cycle of Commands
  with history substitution: 30.8. History Substitutions
  with variations: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop
    for loop, using: 28.9.2. A for Loop
    foreach loop, using: 28.9.1. A foreach Loop
replacement patterns
  sed editor, delimiting: 34.8. Delimiting a Regular Expression
  special characters in: 32.21. Pattern Matching Quick Reference with Examples
  valid regular expression metacharacters for: 32.20. Valid Metacharacters for Different Unix Programs
replacements: 20.4. Useful ex Commands
  20.4. Useful ex Commands
  (see also substitution commands)
  confirming in vi editor: 17.9. Confirming Substitutions in vi
  global, with vi editor: 17.8.1. Global Searches
  patterns, matching for: 17.14. Useful Global Commands (with Pattern Matches)
  sed editor
    newlines in: 34.9. Newlines in a sed Replacement
    referencing portions of search string in: 34.11. Referencing Portions of a Search String
    referencing the search string in: 34.10. Referencing the Search String in a Replacement
    specifying one match among many possible matches: 34.12. Search and Replacement: One Match Among Many
repositories, CVS archives: 39.7. CVS Basics
  modifications, commiting and pushing into: 39.7. CVS Basics
  setting up: 39.8. More CVS
reprint character (CTRL-r): 28.2. Reprinting Your Command Line with CTRL-r
requote shell script: 5.21. Tips for Copy and Paste Between Windows
  fmt width option: 5.21. Tips for Copy and Paste Between Windows
resize command: 3.16. Terminal Setup: Testing Window Size
  c or u options to force use of C- or Bourne-shell syntax: 5.5. Querying Your xterm Size: resize
  xterm windows: 5.5. Querying Your xterm Size: resize
RESOURCE_MANAGER property: 6.8. Setting Resources with xrdb
resources
  overloaded: 23.7. System Overloaded? Try Stopping Some Jobs
  removing definitions: 6.8. Setting Resources with xrdb
  setting for X Window system
    resource database manager: 6.5. Setting X Resources: Overview
restart command (lpc): 45.3. Printer Control with lpc
restoring files: 38.6. Restoring Files from Tape with tar
  (see also backups; tar utility)
  RCS, using: 39.5. RCS Basics
  from remote tape drives: 38.7. Using tar to a Remote Tape Drive
  from tape with tar: 38.6. Restoring Files from Tape with tar
restricted command access (rsh) shell: 27.1. What the Shell Does
restricted shell: 6.10.2. Starting a Remote Client with rsh and ssh
RETURN characters (in .exrc file for vi editor): 17.30. Setting Up vi with the .exrc File
return command
  awk utility: 20.10.7. Alphabetical Summary of Commands
  shell function, use in: 29.11.3. Setting Current Shell Environment: The work Function
reverse order, command history listed in: 30.7. History by Number
reversing patch: 20.9. patch: Generalized Updating of Files That Differ
reversing sort order: 22.6.6. Reverse Sort
revision control (see CVS RCS)
revision control programs, file versions and: 1.11. Filenames
Revision Control System (see RCS)
revnum shell variable: 39.6. List RCS Revision Numbers with rcsrevs
rftp script: 28.18.2. Automating /bin/passwd
.rhosts file: 5.22. Running a Single Command with xterm -e
  6.10.2. Starting a Remote Client with rsh and ssh
  38.7. Using tar to a Remote Tape Drive
Rich Site Summary files, collecting: 25.1. Building Software Robots the Easy Way
right-side prompts: 4.11. Right-Side Prompts
rlogin utility: 6.10.1. Starting Remote X Clients from Interactive Logins
  disabling for security reasons: 48.11. Disallow rlogin and rsh
  enabling on Mac OS X: 51.1. Enabling Remote Access on Mac OS X
  logging in to host again from same terminal: 3.6. Tip for Changing Account Setup: Keep a Shell Ready
  network ports for: 3.13. Terminal Setup: Testing Port
  stalled connection with: 5.6.4. Stalled Data Connection?
rm command: 14.3. rm and Its Dangers
  -f option: 14.10. Deletion with Prejudice: rm -f
    35.17. Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts
    50.7. Protect Important Files: Make Them Unwritable
  -i option: 14.14. Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name
    confirmation of deletions: 14.5. Answer "Yes" or "No" Forever with yes
    creating -i file for: 14.8. Safer File Deletion in Some Directories
  -r option: 14.16. Problems Deleting Directories
  excluding files from deletion: 14.18. Removing Every File but One
  filenames beginning with - (dash): 14.13. Handling a Filename Starting with a Dash (-)
  filenames beginning with . (dot): 14.16. Problems Deleting Directories
  linked files, deleting: 10.4.1. Differences Between Hard and Symbolic Links
  links, removing: 10.5. Creating and Removing Links
  rf option: 14.14. Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name
  safety techniques for: 14.4. Tricks for Making rm Safer
rmdir (remove directory) command: 14.16. Problems Deleting Directories
rmstar variable (tcsh shell): 14.4. Tricks for Making rm Safer
root access
  enabling in Darwin: 49.12. Enabling Root in Darwin
  logins: 4.10. Highlighting and Color in Shell Prompts
  logins, external: 49.10. Never Log In as root
  password, forgetting: 49.3. Forgetting the root Password
  providing with sudo application: 49.11. Providing Superpowers with sudo
root directory: 1.16. Making Pathnames
  subdirectories located directly off: 40.1. /usr/bin and Other Software Directories
root of a filename (:r string editing operator): 28.5. String Editing (Colon) Operators
root servers (DNS): 46.9. Domain Name Service (DNS)
rot program: 21.21. Rotating Text
route command: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
routers
  DSL, firewalls: 46.12. Firewalls
  functioning as gateways: 46.11. Gateways and NAT
routing
  diagnosing routes with traceroute: 46.4. Where, Oh Where Did That Packet Go?
  packets, preventing with firewalls: 46.12. Firewalls
routing tables, displaying with netstart -r: 46.3. Status and Troubleshooting
RPM, finding and installing packaged software: 40.11. Finding and Installing RPM Packaged Software
rprnt key: 5.8. Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters
rsh: 1.21. Unix Networking and Communications
  27.1. What the Shell Does
  disabling for security reasons: 48.11. Disallow rlogin and rsh
  display option: 6.10.2. Starting a Remote Client with rsh and ssh
  enabling on Mac OS X: 51.1. Enabling Remote Access on Mac OS X
  n option: 6.10.2. Starting a Remote Client with rsh and ssh
  remote tape drive, accessing with GNU tar: 38.8. Using GNU tar with a Remote Tape Drive
  restoring files from remote tape drives: 38.7. Using tar to a Remote Tape Drive
  rsync program: 20.6. Change Many Files by Editing Just One
  running reading- or writing-tar on remote system: 10.13. Copying Directory Trees with tar and Pipes
  starting remote X clients: 6.10.2. Starting a Remote Client with rsh and ssh
  stopping sessions: 23.13. Stopping Remote Login Sessions
rsync command: 20.6. Change Many Files by Editing Just One
  25.2. Periodic Program Execution: The cron Facility
run-parts script: 25.2.2. A Little Help, etc.
runaway processes: 24.7.2. BSD
  killing by name: 24.15. Killing Processes by Name?
runsed script: 34.4.2. runsed
rusers command: 35.25.2. Setting (and Parsing) Parameters
rxvt terminal program: 5.9. Working with xterm and Friends
  fonts and command-line options: 5.18.1. VT Fonts Menu
  login shell, running: 5.10. Login xterms and rxvts

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