## 35.29. Reading Files with the . and source Commands

As Section 35.4 explains, Unix programs can never, ever modify the environment of their parents. A program can only modify the environment that later will be passed to its children. This is a common mistake that many new Unix users make: they try to write a program that changes a directory (or does something else involving an environment variable) and attempt to figure out why it doesn't work. You can't do this. If you write a program that executes the cd command, that cd will be effective within your program -- but when the program finishes, you'll be back in your original (parent) shell.

One workaround is to "source" the shell script file (for csh and bash) or run it as a "dot" script (sh, ksh, and bash, too). For example, if the file named change-my-directory contains:

>     cd /somewhere/else

you could use the following commands to change the current directory of the current shell:

>     % source change-my-directory
>     $ . change-my-directory

The source and . commands read a script file into the current shell instead of starting a child shell. These commands work only for shell script files (files containing command lines as you'd type them at a shell prompt). You can't use source or . to read a binary (directly executable) file into the shell.

If your shell doesn't have shell functions (Section 29.11), you can simulate them (Section 29.14) with the . command. It acts a lot like a subroutine or function in a programming language.

--ML and JP

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