## 36.7. Parameter Substitution

The Bourne shell has a handy set of operators for testing and setting shell variables. They're listed in Table 36-1.

#### Table 36-1. Bourne shell parameter substitution operators

Operator | Explanation
--- | ---
`${``var``:-`default`}` | If var is not set or is empty, use default instead.
`${``var``:=`default`}` | If var is not set or is empty, set it to default and use that value.
`${``var``:+`instead`}` | If var is set and is not empty, use instead. Otherwise, use nothing (null string).
`${``var``:?`message`}` | If var is set and is not empty, use its value. Otherwise, print message, if any, and exit from the shell. If message is missing, print a default message (which depends on your shell).

If you omit the colon (:) from the expressions in Table 36-1, the shell doesn't check for an empty parameter. In other words, the substitution happens whenever the parameter is set. (That's how some early Bourne shells work: they don't understand a colon in parameter substitution.)

To see how parameter substitution works, here's another version of the bkedit script (Section 35.13, Section 35.16):

>     +#!/bin/sh
>     if cp "$1" "$1.bak"
>     then
>         ${VISUAL:-/usr/ucb/vi} "$1"
>         exit   # Use status from editor
>     else
>         echo "`basename $0` quitting: can't make backup?" 1>&2
>         exit 1
>     fi

If the VISUAL (Section 35.5) environment variable is set and is not empty, its value (such as /usr/local/bin/emacs) is used and the command line becomes `/usr/local/bin/emacs "$1"`. If VISUAL isn't set, the command line defaults to `/usr/ucb/vi "$1"`.

You can use parameter substitution operators in any command line. You'll see them used with the colon (:) operator (Section 36.6), checking or setting default values. There's an example below. The first substitution (`${nothing=default}`) leaves `$nothing` empty because the variable has been set. The second substitution sets `$nothing` to default because the variable has been set but is empty. The third substitution leaves `$something` set to stuff:

>     +nothing=
>     something=stuff
>     : ${nothing=default}
>     : ${nothing:=default}
>     : ${something:=default}

Several Bourne-type shells have similar string editing operators, such as `${``var`##pattern`}`. They're useful in shell programs, as well as on the command line and in shell setup files. See your shell's manual page for more details.

-- JP

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