## 27.18. How Many Backslashes?

The problem with backslashes is that many different programs use them as quoting characters. As a result, it's difficult to figure out how many backslashes you need in any situation.

Here's an example, taken from System V Release 4. (Notice that I'm using the standard System V version of echo from /bin/echo. SVR4 has four versions of echo!)

>     % /bin/echo hi \ there
>     hi  there
>     % /bin/echo hi \\ there
>     hi \ there
>     % /bin/echo hi \ there
>     hi \ there

In the first case, the shell uses the backslash to quote (Section 27.12) the following space character. The space before the backslash is a word separator. So echo gets two arguments: "`hi`" and "`` there" (without the quotes) -- where `` is the space character that was quoted by the backslash. As always, echo prints a single space between each argument. The first space you see in the output is echo's argument-separating space, and the second space came along with the second argument (thanks to the backslash).

In the second case, the shell converts `\\` to `\`; the first backslash tells the shell to quote (Section 27.12) (turn off the special meaning of) the second backslash. The echo command gets three arguments, "`hi`", "`\`", and "`there`", and it echoes those arguments with a single space between each. (I've heard claims that, on some systems, this command wouldn't print any backslashes, but I wasn't able to reconstruct that situation.)

In the third case, the shell converts each pair of backslashes into a backslash, and runs the command `echo hi \\ there`. But this is System V, and System V's echo interprets backslashes as special characters. So when echo sees the remaining two backslashes, it converts them into a single backslash. So you see only a single backslash, even though you typed four. On BSD systems and on Linux, echo doesn't do this; you'd see two backslashes. For that matter, if you're using SVR4's C shell, with its built-in echo command, you'll see the BSD/Linux behavior. You'll also see the BSD/Linux behavior if you're using SVR4's /usr/ucb/echo.

The terminal driver is also capable of "eating" backslashes if they appear before special characters. If a backslash precedes the "erase" character (normally CTRL-h) or the "kill" character (normally CTRL-u), the terminal driver will pass the control character to the shell, rather than interpreting it as an editing character. In the process, it "eats" the backslash. So if you type:

>     % echo \CTRL-u

The shell receives the line `echo CTRL-u`. There are certainly system-dependent variations, though. If your system has the termio(7) manual page, read it for more information.

What's the point of this article? Well, backslashes are messy. The shell, the terminal driver, echo (sometimes), and several other utilities use them. If you think very carefully, you can figure out exactly what's consuming them. If you're not of a rigorous frame of mind, you can just add backslashes until you get what you want. (But, obviously, the nonrigorous approach has pitfalls.) I've seen situations in troff (which is another story altogether) where you need eight backslashes in order to have a single backslash left at the point where you want it!

(Extra credit: What happens when you put quotes (`"` or `'`) around the strings in the echo commands above? Especially, should quotes affect the way `\`CTRL-u is interpreted?)

--ML and JP

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