Forking Servers (Perl Cookbook, 2nd Edition)

## 17.11. Forking Servers

### 17.11.1. Problem

You want to write a server that forks a subprocess to handle each new client.

### 17.11.2. Solution

Fork in the `accept` loop, and use a `$SIG{CHLD}` handler to reap the children.

>     # set up the socket SERVER, bind and listen ...
>     use POSIX qw(:sys_wait_h);

>     sub REAPER {
>         1 until (-1 =  = waitpid(-1, WNOHANG));
>         $SIG{CHLD} = \&REAPER;                 # unless $]>= 5.002
>     }

>     $SIG{CHLD} = \&REAPER;

>     while ($hisaddr = accept(CLIENT, SERVER)) {
>         next if $pid = fork;                    # parent
>         die "fork: $!" unless defined $pid;     # failure
>         # otherwise child
>         close(SERVER);                          # no use to child
>         # ... do something
>         exit;                                   # child leaves
>     } continue {
>         close(CLIENT);                          # no use to parent
>     }

### 17.11.3. Discussion

This approach is very common for SOCK_STREAM servers in the Internet and Unix domains. Each incoming connection gets a cloned server of its own. The model is:

1. Accept a stream connection.

2. Fork off a duplicate to communicate over that stream.

3. Return to 1.

This technique isn't used with SOCK_DGRAM sockets, because their method of communication is different. The time it takes to fork makes the forking model impractical for UDP-style servers. Instead of working with a series of stateful, long-running connections, SOCK_DGRAM servers work with a bunch of sporadic datagrams, usually statelessly. With them, the model must become:

1. Read a datagram.

2. Handle the datagram.

3. Return to 1.

The child process deals with the new connection. Because it will never use the SERVER socket, we immediately close it. This is partly to keep a tidy house, but mainly so that the server socket is closed when the parent (server) process exits. If the children do not close the SERVER socket, the operating system considers the socket still open even when the parent dies. For more on this, see Recipe 17.9.

`%SIG` ensures that we clean up after our children when they exit. See Chapter 16 for details.

### 17.11.4. See Also

The `fork` and `accept` functions in Chapter 29 of Programming Perl and in perlfunc(1); Recipe 16.15; Recipe 16.19; Recipe 17.12; Recipe 17.13

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